Ethnic Diversity in Nepal: A Comprehensive Overview of Twelve Indigenous Communities

Nepal, a melting pot of cultures and ethnicities, is home to a multitude of indigenous groups, each possessing unique traditions, languages, and cultural practices. The country’s diversity is reflected in its myriad of ethnic communities, which have enriched Nepal’s cultural tapestry. This document explores five distinct ethnic groups—Rana Tharu, Newar, Sherpa, Limbu, and Danuwar—providing a deep dive into their geographic spread, historical origins, language, traditional professions, culture, crafts, architecture, and contemporary challenges. Each group presents a unique perspective on Nepal’s heritage and identity.

1. Rana Tharu

Introduction: The Rana Tharu community, indigenous to the southwestern plains of Nepal, is often confused with other Tharu groups like the Kathariya, Dangaura, Chitwaniya, and Kochila Tharus. However, the Rana Tharus have a distinct identity, language, and culture. Their unique history traces back to the Rajputs of Rajasthan, India, from whom they claim descent.

Geographic Spread:

  • The Rana Tharu people are concentrated in the districts of Kailali and Kanchanpur in Nepal’s western Terai region.
  • Their settlements are close to the Indian border, and they have adapted to the swampy terrain of the area.

Origins and History:

  • The origin of the Rana Tharu has been traced back to the higher caste Rajputs of Rajasthan, who migrated to Nepal during the 16th-century Mogul invasion.
  • After their husbands died in wars against the Moguls, the widowed Rajput women married their slaves, who helped them seek refuge in the dense forests of Nepal.

Language and Communication:

  • The Rana Tharu speak their own dialect, which is part of the larger Tharu language family. It differs from the dialects of other Tharu groups, reflecting their distinct history.

Traditional Professions and Economy:

  • Traditionally, the Rana Tharu community engages in agriculture, growing rice, corn, and other crops suitable for the plains.
  • Fishing and animal husbandry are also vital parts of their economy.

Culture and Social Structure:

  • The Rana Tharus are known for their distinct style of homes, built from mud, thatched grass, and cow dung. These homes are eco-friendly and decorated with murals of flowers, birds, gods, and goddesses.
  • Their diet consists mainly of rice, fish, crabs, and corn.

Traditional Attire and Jewelry:

  • Women wear silver jewelry, including items such as “Jhumka” (earrings), “Mangiya” (headpieces), “Baju” (bracelets), and “Kanseri” (necklaces).
  • Embroidery plays a central role in their culture, with women showcasing their artistic skills through intricate designs made from leftover fabrics.

Crafts and Artistry:

  • The Rana Tharu women create hand-crafted pots, beds (“Khatia”), and baskets (“Dhakiya/Deluwa”) made from bamboo, Babiyo, and Muj grass.
  • Their crafts reflect a deep connection to nature and a commitment to sustainability.

Architectural Styles and Settlements:

  • Homes are built using local materials such as mud, grass, and cow dung, making them environmentally sustainable.
  • The houses are designed to remain cool in the hot Terai climate, while the materials used ensure low CO2 emissions.

Contemporary Relevance and Challenges:

  • The Rana Tharus face challenges in preserving their culture and language, as modernization and migration impact their traditional way of life.

2. Newar

Introduction: The Newars are the indigenous people of the Kathmandu Valley and are considered the earliest inhabitants of the region. Known for their extraordinary contributions to Nepal’s art, architecture, and culture, the Newars have played a significant role throughout Nepal’s history, particularly during the Licchavi and Malla periods.

Geographic Spread:

  • The Newar people are primarily concentrated in the Kathmandu Valley, including the cities of Kathmandu, Bhaktapur, and Lalitpur.
  • Other significant settlements include Panauti, Kavre, and Banepa, where Newar artisans and merchants historically thrived.

Origins and History:

  • The Newars trace their ancestry to the Kirants, the earliest rulers of the Kathmandu Valley.
  • They were traditionally involved in farming, trade, and various artisan crafts, which have helped shape the historical and cultural landscape of the Kathmandu Valley.

Language and Communication:

  • Newars speak “Nepal Bhasa,” which is part of the Sino-Tibetan language family.
  • Nepal Bhasa has a rich literary tradition dating back centuries, contributing significantly to Nepal’s cultural heritage.

Traditional Professions and Economy:

  • Historically, Newars were farmers, traders, and craftsmen. They played a crucial role in trade between India and Tibet, especially as merchants along the Himalayan routes.
  • Newar artisans are renowned for their craftsmanship in metalwork, wood carving, and stone sculpture.

Culture and Social Structure:

  • Newar society is highly complex, with unique customs, festivals, and rituals that differ based on caste and religious affiliation.
  • The Newars practice both Hinduism and Buddhism, with their festivals often blending elements of both religions, representing a unique form of religious syncretism.

Traditional Attire and Jewelry:

  • Newar women traditionally wear the “Haku Patasi” (a black sari with red borders), while men wear the “Daura Suruwal” (a Nepali tunic).
  • Jewelry includes pieces like “Lunswan” (a golden crown), “Nyapu Shikha” (a five-piece necklace), and “Pyankhan Aangu” (silver rings).

Crafts and Artistry:

  • Newars are famous for their “Paubha” paintings, intricate depictions of gods and goddesses used in religious practices.
  • Their metalwork, including iconic statues and temple decorations, has influenced Nepalese art.

Architectural Styles and Settlements:

  • Traditional Newar houses are made from bricks and wood, featuring intricately carved windows and doors.
  • Settlements are organized with communal courtyards (“bahals”), serving as social and religious gathering spaces.

Contemporary Relevance and Challenges:

  • The Newar community continues to preserve Nepal’s arts and culture, but they face challenges from urbanization and globalization, which threaten their traditional crafts and language.

3. Sherpa

Introduction: The Sherpa community, renowned for their mountaineering skills, originates from the eastern region of Tibet. Over centuries, they have adapted to life in the high-altitude regions of Nepal and have become integral to the country’s identity, particularly in the context of trekking and tourism.

Geographic Spread:

  • Sherpas mainly live in the high-altitude regions of Solukhumbu, Dolakha, and Rasuwa, with smaller populations in Sankhuwasabha, Taplejung, and Sindhupalchowk.
  • Their settlements are often located in valleys at some of the world’s highest inhabited elevations, such as in the Khumbu region, near Mount Everest.

Origins and History:

  • The term “Sherpa” comes from “Sharwa” (easterners), referring to their origin in eastern Tibet.
  • They migrated to Nepal centuries ago, becoming well-known for their high-altitude adaptations and exceptional mountaineering skills.

Language and Communication:

  • The Sherpas speak “Sherpa,” a Tibetic language closely related to Tibetan.
  • The language has a rich oral tradition, with stories, songs, and folklore playing a vital role in preserving Sherpa culture.

Traditional Professions and Economy:

  • Traditionally, Sherpas engaged in animal husbandry (yaks, horses, and mules), agriculture (buckwheat, barley, and potatoes), and trade across Nepal, Tibet, and India.
  • In recent decades, Sherpas have become world-famous for their roles as trekking guides, porters, and climbers, contributing significantly to Nepal’s tourism industry.

Culture and Social Structure:

  • Sherpa culture is deeply influenced by Tibetan Buddhism, with monasteries playing a central role in religious and cultural life.
  • Family ties and community cooperation are crucial to their social structure, helping them survive in the harsh Himalayan environment.

Traditional Attire and Jewelry:

  • Sherpa women wear the “Wan-Ju” (wool undershirt) and “Bakkhu” (thick woolen outer garment), often paired with “Pangden” (aprons for married women).
  • Sherpa jewelry is intricately designed with silver, coral beads, and “Dzi” agate stones, which carry spiritual significance.

Crafts and Artistry:

  • Sherpas are skilled at weaving wool into traditional clothing items and carpets. They also create beautiful silver and copper items for religious and daily use.
  • “Thangka” paintings, which depict Buddhist deities and spiritual stories, are a significant part of Sherpa artistry.

Architectural Styles and Settlements:

  • Sherpa homes are made of stone to withstand the extreme cold in the Himalayan region.
  • Villages are often centered around monasteries, reflecting their deep religious roots and communal way of life.

Contemporary Relevance and Challenges:

  • While tourism has brought economic opportunities to the Sherpa community, environmental degradation and modernization pose challenges to preserving their traditional way of life.

4. Limbu

Introduction: The Limbu people are one of the indigenous Kirati groups of eastern Nepal. They have a rich history, unique culture, and a strong sense of identity, deeply connected to the Himalayan hills.

Geographic Spread:

  • The Limbu primarily inhabit the eastern hills of Nepal, particularly in the Koshi and Mechi regions.
  • The districts of Taplejung, Panchthar, Terhathum, and Ilam are considered the heartland of the Limbu people, although many now also reside in urban areas across Nepal.

Origins and History:

  • The Limbu trace their origins back to the ancient Kirat people, who once ruled over the eastern region of Nepal.
  • They are believed to have inhabited the Himalayan foothills for centuries, maintaining a distinct cultural and political autonomy within their territory.

Language and Communication:

  • The Limbu people speak the “Limbu” language, which is part of the Kiranti group of the Sino-Tibetan language family.
  • Limbu has its own script, known as “Srijunga,” which is used in religious and cultural contexts. However, many Limbu today are bilingual, speaking both Nepali and their native language.

Traditional Professions and Economy:

  • The traditional occupation of the Limbu people was farming, with rice, millet, and maize being their main crops.
  • Many Limbus have also served in the British and Indian Gurkha armies, gaining a reputation for bravery and discipline.

Culture and Social Structure:

  • Limbu society is organized around clan structures, with a focus on ancestry and kinship. Clan names or “Thar” play an essential role in marriage and social organization.
  • They practice a mix of animistic and ancestor worship, with rituals dedicated to the spirits of the land and their forebears.

Traditional Attire and Jewelry:

  • Limbu women wear traditional attire called “Mechyang,” consisting of a sari-like garment and a distinctive headscarf. Jewelry made of gold and silver is an important part of their attire, with nose rings, earrings, and bangles being common.
  • Men typically wear a “Phariya” (a wraparound lower garment) and a “Dhaka Topi,” a patterned cap symbolic of their identity.

Crafts and Artistry:

  • Limbu craftsmanship is evident in their textile work, particularly the “Dhaka” fabric, a handwoven material used to make caps, scarves, and other garments.
  • Limbu folklore and storytelling are significant aspects of their culture, with traditional songs and dances performed at festivals and community gatherings.

Architectural Styles and Settlements:

  • Traditional Limbu houses are made from bamboo, wood, and stone, with thatched roofs or tin sheets. These homes are built to withstand the hilly terrain and weather conditions.
  • Limbu settlements are typically small, scattered across terraced hillsides, where they practice subsistence farming.

Contemporary Relevance and Challenges:

  • The Limbu community has experienced significant migration in recent decades, with many Limbus moving to urban areas or abroad for employment.
  • Despite modernization, efforts are being made to preserve Limbu culture, language, and traditions through cultural organizations and festivals.

5. Danuwar

Introduction: The Danuwar are an indigenous group traditionally living in the lower hill and Terai regions of central and eastern Nepal. They are primarily known for their farming and fishing livelihoods.

Geographic Spread:

  • The Danuwar are mostly found in the central Terai and the inner Madhesh hills, with significant populations in Sindhuli, Udayapur, Kavrepalanchok, and Ramechhap districts.
  • Their settlements are located near rivers and fertile land, as fishing and agriculture are key to their traditional lifestyle.

Origins and History:

  • The Danuwar people are believed to have originally migrated from India, settling in Nepal’s Terai and hill regions centuries ago.
  • Historically, they were involved in fishing, hunting, and shifting agriculture, and have maintained a close relationship with the land and rivers.

Language and Communication:

  • The Danuwar language belongs to the Indo-Aryan family and shares similarities with Maithili, Bhojpuri, and other Terai languages.
  • Many Danuwar people also speak Nepali, especially the younger generations, as it is the national language and widely used in education and administration.

Traditional Professions and Economy:

  • The Danuwar have traditionally been farmers and fishermen, relying on the fertile land of the Terai and the rivers for sustenance.
  • Fishing remains an important livelihood for many Danuwar communities, though modern economic pressures have led some to migrate for work or adopt new professions.

Culture and Social Structure:

  • Danuwar society is organized along clan lines, with a strong sense of community and cooperation in agricultural activities.
  • They follow a mix of Hinduism and animistic traditions, worshipping local deities and natural forces, especially those related to water and agriculture.

Traditional Attire and Jewelry:

  • Danuwar women traditionally wear saris and simple blouses, while men wear “Daura Suruwal,” the national dress of Nepal. Their clothing is often simple and practical, reflecting their agrarian lifestyle.
  • Jewelry is minimal, but women may wear silver earrings and nose rings during special occasions.

Crafts and Artistry:

  • The Danuwar are skilled in making fishing nets, baskets, and other tools necessary for their agricultural and fishing practices.
  • They also engage in folk music and dance, with traditional songs that celebrate the cycles of farming, harvest, and community life.

Architectural Styles and Settlements:

  • Traditional Danuwar homes are simple, made from mud, bamboo, and thatch. Their houses are designed to provide shelter from the hot Terai climate and monsoon rains.
  • Danuwar settlements are often located near rivers, with homes clustered around communal farmland.

Contemporary Relevance and Challenges:

  • The Danuwar face challenges in terms of land ownership, access to education, and economic opportunities. Many live in poverty, relying on subsistence farming and fishing to survive.
  • Efforts to improve the socio-economic conditions of the Danuwar are ongoing, with NGOs and government programs focusing on education, healthcare, and income generation.

6. Thakali

Introduction:
The Thakalis are an ethnic group originally believed to be descendants of the Shahi Thakuris from the Sinja Valley of Jumla. A debated historical narrative suggests that Hansa Raja, the son of Jashu Shahi, married a local woman, Nhima Rani, in Thak Khola, Mustang, after visiting Muktinath. His descendants, known as the Thakalis, traditionally resided in Mustang, but over time, the population has spread to urban areas like Kathmandu in search of better opportunities.

Geographic Spread:
While the Thakali people are originally from Thak Khola in Mustang, migration has led to a dispersal, with many now living in Kathmandu and other urban centers in Nepal.

Origins and History:
Although the Thakalis’ origin is linked to the Sinja Valley of Jumla, this narrative remains disputed. Historically, they were involved in animal husbandry, agriculture, and the salt trade, contributing significantly to their economic sustenance.

Language and Communication:
The Thakali language, part of the Sino-Tibetan family, is a key component of their identity. According to the 2011 census, around 51% of the Thakali population (out of 13,000+) still speaks the native language. Thakali folk songs are often composed in this mother tongue.

Traditional Professions and Economy:
The Thakalis were historically involved in animal husbandry, agriculture, and the salt trade, but these occupations are now diminishing due to modernization and globalization. Craftsmanship, particularly in brass kitchenware and wooden items, remains an important traditional skill passed down through generations. Their crafts often depict motifs like dragons, clouds, flowers, gods, and goddesses.

Culture and Social Structure:
Thakali society is hierarchical, with elders holding significant power and respect. Their religious practices are influenced by a mix of Buddhism, Shamanism, and Hinduism. Major festivals include Tiji, a colorful celebration where they pray and dance to ward off evil spirits, and La Phewa. A notable and unique ritual involves drinking raw yak blood during a week-long festival. Thakali surnames, like Gauchan, Sherchan, Tulachan, and Bhattachan, often reflect traditional occupations and caste divisions within the community.

Traditional Attire and Jewelry:
Men wear “Voto,” “Daura Surwal,” and often drape a pleated shawl around their neck. Women wear “Fariya” or “Gunyo” paired with a “Cholo” and a distinct handwoven shawl called “Khasdo.” They also use vibrant striped aprons known as “Pakhe” and “Pari.” Their jewelry is intricate, often featuring traditional designs.

Crafts and Artistry:
The Thakalis are skilled artisans, particularly in brass and silver crafts, creating kitchenware and tools adorned with traditional designs such as dragons and floral patterns. They also excel in wooden crafts, jewelry, and decorative items.

Architectural Styles and Settlements:
Traditional Thakali houses are typically made from stone and wood, blending functionality with simplicity. Settlements are often clustered, reflecting the communal nature of the society.

Contemporary Relevance and Challenges:
As globalization increases, the Thakali community faces challenges in maintaining their traditional occupations and cultural practices. Migration to urban centers, shifts in economic activities, and the influence of modern lifestyles have impacted the preservation of their heritage, including their language and crafts.

7. Raute

Introduction:
The Raute are the last remaining nomadic tribe of Nepal, primarily inhabiting the forests of the Far-Western region. Scattered across districts such as Achham, Dang, Surkhet, Salyan, Dailekh, Darchula, and Dadheldhura, the Raute trace their ancestry to Hindu mythological figures, considering themselves rulers of the forests. Their oral history links them to Lord Ram, a revered king in Hindu mythology.

Geographic Spread:
Raute tribes are mostly found in the dense forests of Far-Western Nepal, moving through regions like Achham, Surkhet, and Darchula. Their nomadic lifestyle prevents permanent settlement, and they relocate frequently in search of new forested areas.

Origins and History:
While the exact origins of the Raute are still debated, some researchers, such as Dor Bahadur Bista, suggest they may be linked to Australoid ancestry. Their mother tongue is classified within the Tibeto-Burman or Sino-Tibetan language families. The Raute have preserved their traditional lifestyle, prohibiting marriages outside their tribe and maintaining strong cultural and social norms under the leadership of a male tribal head.

Language and Communication:
The Raute speak a language that is believed to belong to the Tibeto-Burman or Sino-Tibetan language families, but as they are primarily an oral society, the documentation of their language is limited. They communicate primarily within their tribes and have preserved their linguistic heritage across generations.

Traditional Professions and Economy:
Traditionally hunter-gatherers, the Raute avoid agriculture, relying on hunting monkeys and gathering wild plants such as yams, berries, and spinach for sustenance. However, in recent years, the government has provided stipends, allowing the tribe to access crops like rice. Raute men are also skilled woodworkers, producing large wooden bowls, boxes, and pestles, which they sell in local markets for income. However, the rising availability of plastic products has diminished the demand for their crafts, threatening their economic survival.

Culture and Social Structure:
Raute society is strictly patriarchal, with a male tribal leader governing the community. Marriages are restricted to within the tribe, and they observe strict social norms. The Raute are also highly spiritual, moving to new forest locations after burying a deceased member to avoid staying near the dead.

Traditional Attire and Jewelry:
Raute men typically wear shawls and dhotis, accompanied by traditional Nepali topis or turbans. Women, once known for crafting their own clothes, now wear store-bought blouses and skirts. Despite these changes, their attire remains functional for their nomadic lifestyle in the forests.

Crafts and Artistry:
The Raute are known for their woodcraft, creating large wooden bowls, boxes, and pestles. These crafts, sold in markets, were once in high demand but have been adversely affected by the influx of cheaper plastic alternatives. As reported by Kishor Sharma in “Living in the Mist,” the decline in demand for their crafts threatens the survival of their indigenous knowledge and craftsmanship.

Architectural Styles and Settlements:
The Raute live in temporary settlements, building tents in forested areas. They relocate whenever a community member dies, in keeping with their belief that it is inauspicious to remain in the same place after a burial.

Contemporary Relevance and Challenges:
As the Raute lifestyle faces pressures from modernization and declining market demand for their crafts, their nomadic existence is becoming increasingly difficult. Government stipends and support have helped the tribe sustain themselves, but the challenges of globalization and environmental change are pushing their traditional ways to the brink of extinction.

8. Gurung

Introduction:
The Gurungs, also known as the Tamu Mai, are an indigenous ethnic group believed to have migrated from Tibet around the 6th century. Their origins are traced to a triangular region comprising Kokonor, the upper reaches of the Yellow River, Lokha, and southwest China. As of the 2011 census, the Gurung population in Nepal stands at 522,641, with significant settlements in Manang, Lamjung, Mustang, Gorkha, and Kaski. They practice a blend of Buddhism and Bon customs, though around 32.18% have now adopted Hinduism.

Geographic Spread:
Gurungs primarily reside in the hilly regions of Nepal. Manang has the highest concentration (52.4%), followed by Lamjung (31.3%), Mustang (21.4%), Gorkha (19.7%), and Kaski (16.6%).

Origins and History:
The Gurungs are believed to have migrated from Tibet in the 6th century, and their cultural history has deep ties with Tibetan practices. Traditionally, they were involved in animal husbandry and farming, but many have also served as soldiers for centuries, famously in the Gurkha regiments of the British and Indian armies.

Language and Communication:
The Gurungs speak their own language, Tamu or Gurung language, which is a significant marker of their ethnic identity. It is part of the Sino-Tibetan language family and remains widely spoken among the community.

Traditional Professions and Economy:
While many Gurungs historically engaged in animal husbandry and farming, a large number of Gurung men have also served in armies for generations. Additionally, they are known for their craftsmanship, particularly in making “Raadi,” a handcrafted Nepali wool rug, as well as bamboo agricultural tools like “Doko” and “Perungo.”

Culture and Social Structure:
Gurung culture is rich in traditions and festivals, including Tamu Lhosar, Toho Tehn, Sildo Thi-ba, Ghanto dance, Maruni, and Sorathi. Traditionally, Gurungs practiced arranged marriages within their caste, often marrying matrilateral or patrilateral cousins. Death rituals are elaborate, with mourning lasting for 49 days and cremation ceremonies lasting three days, led by priests called Paidi.

Traditional Attire and Jewelry:
Gurung men traditionally wear a white vest or shirt, with a white cloth wrapped in an X-shape around the waist, along with a Nepali topi and a white skirt or trousers. Women wear “Chaubandi Cholo,” often in red or blue velvet, paired with a black skirt (lungi) featuring floral patterns. Gurung women also wear intricate jewelry, including:

  • Marat-Shirful: A round gold plate with a coral or precious stone in the center.
  • Jheka-Shirbandi: A gold stripe worn around the head.
  • Dhungri: A disc-shaped earring similar to the Marat.
  • Mararung: A golden necklace or pendant, often shaped as a “Jantar.”

They also wear coral necklaces, which are an essential part of their traditional adornment.

Crafts and Artistry:
The Gurungs are known for their craftsmanship, particularly in textiles and bamboo products. “Raadi,” a traditional wool rug, is one of their notable creations. They also make agricultural tools like “Doko” (a bamboo basket) and “Perungo” (bamboo tools).

Architectural Styles and Settlements:
Gurung villages are typically located in the hills and are organized around communal courtyards, reflecting their strong sense of community. Their homes are traditionally made from stone and wood, often featuring flat roofs and large verandas.

Contemporary Relevance and Challenges:
The Gurungs have maintained many of their traditions, but like other indigenous groups, they face the pressures of modernization. Globalization, migration, and changing economic conditions are influencing their traditional livelihoods and practices. However, they continue to play a vital role in Nepal’s military and cultural heritage.

9. Tamang

Introduction:
The Tamangs are one of the oldest ethnic groups in Nepal, primarily residing in the Eastern and Central hilly regions of the country. Their settlements include districts like Kavre, Sindhupalchowk, Rasuwa, Nuwakot, Dolakha, Dhading, Ramechhap, Makwanpur, and even Kathmandu. The Tamangs belong to the Tibeto-Burman ethnic group and are historically believed to have been horse traders from Tibet, later settling in the hills of Nepal. As of recent estimates, their population stands at around 1.6 million.

Geographic Spread:
The Tamangs are concentrated in the hilly regions of Nepal, including Kavre, Sindhupalchowk, Rasuwa, Nuwakot, Dolakha, Dhading, Ramechhap, and Makwanpur, with significant populations also residing in Kathmandu and its surrounding areas.

Origins and History:
The Tamangs are of Tibeto-Burmese origin, believed to have migrated from Tibet. Historically, they were known as horse traders who settled in the Nepalese hills. Over time, they established themselves as a prominent ethnic group with strong cultural roots in Bon (Shamanism) and Buddhism. Their mother tongue is a Tibeto-Burman language, which remains an essential aspect of their identity.

Language and Communication:
The Tamangs speak a language from the Tibeto-Burman family. Their mother tongue is not only a means of communication but also a vital part of their cultural heritage, transmitted through songs, folklore, and oral traditions.

Traditional Professions and Economy:
Historically, the Tamangs were engaged in agriculture and animal husbandry. Many also crafted clothes using home-based looms, weaving wool from sheep. Additionally, they are known for their skills in painting “Thangka” (Buddhist religious paintings) and carving wood patterns. In modern times, many Tamangs work as mountaineers, porters, and laborers, especially in tourism-related fields like trekking.

Culture and Social Structure:
Tamangs have a vibrant cultural heritage, particularly in music and dance. Tamang Selo is a famous genre of traditional music, performed with ethnic instruments like the Damphu (a type of drum), Tungna (a string instrument), and Gonggap. They celebrate festivals such as Sonam Lhosar, which marks their New Year, and Buddha Jayanti, honoring Lord Buddha’s birth.

Marriage customs within the Tamang community often involve cross-cousin marriages. It is common for the Solta (brother-in-law) and Soltini (sister-in-law) to exchange gifts known as “Karshyol pong” for good fortune. Their funerary rituals involve cremating the deceased on a hilltop, with Lamas (Buddhist priests) leading the rites.

Traditional Attire and Jewelry:
Tamang men traditionally wear a “Khenja” shirt, accompanied by a round-shaped Tamang topi. Their clothing often features intricate patterns depicting holy symbols, flowers, and clouds. Women wear “Cholo” (a blouse), “Lehenga” or “Lungi” (a traditional skirt), along with shawls. Jewelry is an essential part of Tamang women’s attire, and they adorn themselves with pieces like “Dhungri” (disc-shaped earrings), “Pote Mala” (glass bead necklaces), “Phuli” (nose rings), and “Shirbandi” (headbands). “Jantar,” a pendant often used for religious or protective purposes, is also worn.

Crafts and Artistry:
The Tamangs are known for their traditional craftsmanship, particularly in weaving woolen garments, painting religious Thanka, and wood carving. Their craft skills are passed down through generations and are a vital part of their economic activities. However, with modernization, their involvement in crafts has reduced, and many have turned to mountaineering, trekking, and labor work.

Architectural Styles and Settlements:
Tamangs typically live in hill settlements, where their houses are made from stone and wood. These settlements are organized to foster a communal lifestyle, where social gatherings and religious ceremonies play a significant role.

Contemporary Relevance and Challenges:
The Tamangs continue to preserve their rich cultural heritage through music, dance, and festivals. However, modern challenges such as economic hardship, migration to urban areas, and changing occupations are affecting their traditional way of life. Despite this, the Tamangs play an essential role in Nepal’s cultural fabric, especially in the tourism industry as porters and guides in the trekking regions of Nepal.

10. Lepcha

Introduction:
The Lepchas are considered one of the earliest inhabitants of the foothills of Kanchenjunga in Eastern Nepal, Sikkim, and Western Bhutan. Their origins are believed to trace back to Mongolia or Tibet, and they belong to the Tibeto-Burman ethnic group. Historically, they were hunters, animal herders, farmers, and skilled craftspeople. Their culture has evolved significantly due to external influences like Buddhism, but they have retained many unique aspects of their traditions.

Geographic Spread:
The Lepcha people predominantly live in the Eastern Nepal region near Kanchenjunga, in Sikkim, and in parts of Western Bhutan. They have traditionally settled in these mountainous areas, living in harmony with nature.

Origins and History:
The Lepchas are thought to have migrated from Mongolia or Tibet. Initially, they were nature worshippers and animists, but over time, they adopted elements of Buddhism through the influence of monasteries in the region. The Lepchas have deep spiritual ties to the Kanchenjunga range, believing that the souls of the deceased rest at the mountain’s peak if properly guided by priests.

Language and Communication:
The Lepcha language, known as “Rongring,” belongs to the Tibeto-Burman language family. While their original language has been influenced by Nepali and other Tibeto-Burman dialects, the Lepcha script remains unique. The language plays a vital role in their culture, especially in the transmission of their folklore, songs, and religious chants.

Traditional Professions and Economy:
The Lepchas were originally hunters, farmers, and animal herders. They have extensive knowledge of the forests, especially in identifying medicinal herbs and differentiating between edible and poisonous plants. Lepchas are also skilled in crafting through handlooms, using bamboo and nettle fibers for clothing and other items. These days, their traditional professions are supplemented by other activities such as weaving, farming, and small-scale trade.

Culture and Social Structure:
The Lepchas have retained a strong connection with nature, which is reflected in their spiritual beliefs and practices. They observe elaborate death rituals, including creating a new door to remove the dead from their home, believing that the main door should only be used by the living. Mourning lasts three days, and priests perform rituals to guide the soul to Kanchenjunga’s peak.

Lepchas celebrate several festivals, including Buddhist festivals, but they also maintain indigenous celebrations such as Naam Soong/Namboon, which celebrates the triumph of good over evil. Kurnyit Lavo, their New Year, is celebrated with feasts and traditional songs like Lasso.

Traditional Attire and Jewelry:
Lepcha attire is primarily self-woven using bamboo and nettle fibers. Traditional women’s garments include the “Bakkhu” and “Hanju,” influenced by Bhutia culture. Their most traditional dress, “Dum bun/den,” is an ankle-length outfit made of silk, known as “Gadha” in Nepali. Married women also wear “Jyoordong tago,” a long-sleeved flowing gown worn over the Dum bun. They wear a white scarf around their heads, called “Taroo.”

Men wear a loose shirt called “Tago” and trousers made from thick cotton fibers called “Tamoo,” especially while working in the fields or during hunting expeditions. Bamboo hats known as “Samoak Thyaak tuk” are worn during traditional ceremonies and for protection while hunting.

Lepcha jewelry is crafted from silk, gemstones, and bamboo. Women wear “Namchok” (earrings), “Kayak” (necklaces), “Gyar” (bracelets), and “Sambrang-bur,” a cluster of silver waist amulets resembling the Sammbrang flower. A multi-colored belt called “Namrek” is also part of their traditional adornment.

Crafts and Artistry:
Lepchas are skilled in handloom weaving, producing multi-purpose garments like “Dum-praa,” which serves as a dress during the day and a blanket at night. Their textile designs include notable patterns such as “Khemchu” (scissors-like), “Tamblyaak” (butterfly-like), and “Tagaap” (the oldest design). Additionally, they are known for creating bamboo crafts and tools, which play an integral role in their daily lives.

Architectural Styles and Settlements:
Lepcha homes are typically constructed from bamboo and other locally available materials. Their settlements are often in the mountainous regions near forests, emphasizing their deep connection with nature. Their homes are simple, yet functional, reflecting their semi-nomadic lifestyle.

Contemporary Relevance and Challenges:
While the Lepchas have adapted to modern society, they still face challenges in preserving their language and traditional practices. The influence of modernization, migration, and external cultures has impacted their way of life. However, they continue to observe their traditions, especially through their festivals, rituals, and craftsmanship, which help maintain their distinct cultural identity in the face of these challenges.

11. Sunuwar (Kirant Koinch)

Introduction:
The Sunuwars are one of the ethnic groups that emerged under the Kirant people after the fall of the Kirant kingdom during the rule of King Gasti. Historically, the Wallo Kirants were first governed by King Binicha, whose territory stretched from Sanga Bhanjyang to the Dudh Koshi River in the east. Following conflicts with the Mallas, the Sunuwars retreated to the banks of the Tama Koshi River. Their primary settlements today include Dolakha, Ramechhap, Okhaldhunga, and Khotang.

Geographic Spread:
Sunuwars primarily reside in the hilly districts of Dolakha, Ramechhap, Okhaldhunga, and Khotang in eastern Nepal. These areas have been their homeland for generations, particularly along the banks of the Tama Koshi River.

Origins and History:
Sunuwars belong to the Kirant ethnic group, historically associated with the Kirant Kingdom. After losing control of their kingdom under the rule of King Gasti, the Sunuwar people resettled near the Tama Koshi River. They have retained many elements of their ancestral culture, including nature worship and animistic traditions.

Language and Communication:
The Sunuwars speak their native Sunuwar language, part of the Sino-Tibetan family, which plays a crucial role in preserving their identity. However, the influence of other languages like Nepali has grown, especially in modern times.

Traditional Professions and Economy:
Traditionally, the Sunuwars engaged in agriculture, animal husbandry, and fishing. These activities remain important for many, although hunting has been restricted by law. Foreign employment and other sectors have diversified their occupations, reflecting broader socio-economic changes in Nepal.

Culture and Social Structure:
Sunuwars practice a blend of animism and shamanism, deeply connected to nature and ancestor worship. Major festivals include Folsyandar Uvauli (planting season in April/May) and Udhauli (harvest season in November/December). During these festivals, they perform dances that mimic animals to express gratitude toward nature and their ancestors. Other important rituals include Bijuwa Pooja and Chasok Tangnam.

Sunuwars traditionally bury their dead, but with the influence of Hinduism, cremation has also become common in recent years.

Traditional Attire and Jewelry:
Sunuwar men wear the Daura Suruwal, accompanied by Istakot, a traditional vest, and a Topi (Nepali hat), along with a colorful embroidered scarf around their neck. Sunuwar women wear Gunyo (a traditional sari), Cholo (blouse), and Istakot, with a Patuki (waistband) as part of their traditional outfit. Their jewelry is made of silver, often resembling coins or other traditional motifs, with items like Dhungri (earrings), Bulaki (nose ring), and embroidered badges symbolizing their cultural identity.

Crafts and Artistry:
The Sunuwars are known for their traditional crafts, especially in weaving and embroidery. Their colorful badges and scarves are often adorned with intricate symbols that reflect their cultural heritage.

Contemporary Relevance and Challenges:
While the Sunuwar community remains rooted in its traditions, modern influences, including foreign employment and exposure to Hindu practices, have introduced changes. However, the Sunuwars continue to celebrate their festivals and rituals, helping preserve their distinct cultural identity amid the challenges of modernization and cultural assimilation.

12. Rai (Khambu)

Introduction:
The Rai people, also known as Khambu, are part of the Kirant dynasty and are known as the Manjh Kirant. They primarily reside in the lower regions of the Dudh Koshi to the Arun River in districts such as Solukhumbu, Okhaldhunga, Sankhuwasabha, Khotang, Bhojpur, and Udayapur. This area is also referred to as Khabuwan, hence the name “Khambu.” Rai society is divided into 10 main castes, categorized into 3 Lhasa gotras and Kashi gotras.

Geographic Spread:
The Rai people are concentrated in the eastern hilly districts of Nepal, including Solukhumbu, Okhaldhunga, Sankhuwasabha, Khotang, Bhojpur, and Udayapur, forming the region known as Khabuwan.

Origins and History:
The Rai are part of the Kirant lineage, with a long history of settlements in the Khabuwan region. According to Harka Bahadur Gurung’s “Maile Dekheko Nepal,” the Rai speak 28 different dialects, which vary from village to village, often separated by rivers. Historically, the Rai people were known for their craftsmanship, especially in bamboo and woodwork.

Language and Communication:
The Rai people speak numerous dialects, with 28 distinct dialects recorded. These dialects differ based on their village location and are part of the larger Tibeto-Burman language family.

Traditional Professions and Economy:
Traditionally, the Rai were expert crafters, particularly of bamboo and wood. They were known for crafting bows and arrows, which are still worshiped during rituals involving birth and death. In addition to their craftsmanship, the Rai are skilled in cooking pork and brewing traditional alcoholic beverages made from fermented rice and millet.

Culture and Social Structure:
Rai people practice Bhumi Puja or Henkama, which involves worshiping the Earth regularly. Their major festivals include Ubhauli and Udhauli, during which they offer prayers to their ancestors for blessings. These rituals reflect the community’s deep connection with nature and their ancestors.

Traditional Attire and Jewelry:
Rai women wear Chaubandi Cholo or Lolak paired with a Fariya or Tangfa and a Patuki (waistband). Rai men traditionally wear the Daura Suruwal (known as Langsup in the Rai dialect), along with an ashcoat, Patuki, and a Khukuri (traditional knife). The women wear traditional silver ornaments such as Waichuk (bracelet), Muga Mala, Reji Haari Mala, Jhamke Bulaki (nose ring), Dhungri, and Aunty (earrings).

Crafts and Artistry:
The Rai are renowned for their craftsmanship, especially in creating bamboo musical instruments such as the Binayo (Dosangwa), Ken-Chamukhi, and Bausang (flutes). Archaeological evidence shows that they were skilled in stone and wood sculptures in the past. Traditional crafts include Pechuri, Doko, Radi, and Perungo—all of which are distinct to their culture.

One unique practice involves the use of Wabuk (bitter gourd) for flotation, where it is wrapped around the waist to help float in water.

Contemporary Relevance and Challenges:
The Rai community remains closely connected to its traditional practices, but modern influences have brought changes to their way of life. As the demand for traditional crafts wanes, the Rai continue to adapt while maintaining their distinct cultural identity through their language, rituals, and craftsmanship.